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Table of Contents
	World History Encyclopedia Staff					vii
	Contributors					ix
Section 1	Introduction and Preface
	What Is World History? / Carolyn Neel					1
	Preface: This World History Encyclopedia / Carolyn Neel					5
Section 2	What Historians Do and Why They Do It
	Introduction / Carolyn Neel					11
	How Does World History Differ from National and Regional Histories? / Tom Laichas					13
	Ever-Changing Perspectives / Heather Streets					19
	Picturing World History / David J. Staley					29
	What Can We Learn from History? The Role of Social Scientists and Others / Rick Szostak					41
	Writing World History / Luigi Cajani					47
	Teaching World History in Secondary Schools / Margaret Favretti					59
Section 3	The Overarching Issues, Seeing the Big Picture
	Introduction / Carolyn Neel					67
	Humans and the Natural World: The Long View / J. R. McNeill					69
	A Brief History of Human Society / Douglas S. Massey					77
	Regional Geography and World History / Melina A. Patterson					111
	Migration in Human History / Patrick Manning					173
	Language Evolution and the History of Languages / Harald Haarmann					183
	Cosmology and Religion: The Human Quest for Meaning / Todd Duncan					193
	Humans, the Tool Makers / Marvin Kay					201
	Technology in World History / William E. Burns					207
	The Origins of Agriculture / Kevin M. McGeough					215
	Urbanization / Howard Spodek					221
	The Evolution of Complex Political Organizations / Paul Roscoe					239
	Industrialization in World History / Carolyn Neel					255
	Globalization and World History / Erik Gilbert					265
	Glossary					275
	Maps					vii
	Contributors					ix
Era 1	Beginnings of Human Society to 4000 BCE					1
	Environment and Population					11
	How We Study the Very Distant Past					14
	What Causes Climate Change?					30
	The Human Family Lineage---8 Million Years Ago to 20,000 Years Ago					38
	Increasing Diversity---Our Ancestors of the Pliocene, 5--1.8 Million Years Ago					45
	The Appearance of the Genus Homo at Two Million Years Ago					57
	Out of Africa---Homo ergaster and Homo erectus					61
	The Appearance of Modern Humans					69
	Holocene Environments, 10,000--4000 BCE					90
	The Lifeways of Our Earliest Ancestors---The Miocene to Neanderthals					103
	The Lifeways of Early Modern Humans to circa 10,000 BCE					113
	Lifeways after the End of the Glacial Epoch, 10,000--4000 BCE					127
	Population Growth through Time					154
	Society and Culture					163
	The Origins of the Human Family					165
	The Social Organization of Modern Mobile Humans					175
	Social Life and the Family in Early Village Communities, 15,000--5000 BCE					178
	Migration and Travel					189
	Out of Africa---The First Time					191
	Out of Africa---The Second Time					196
	The First Americans					203
	Miscellaneous Movements					210
	Politics and Statecraft					219
	Forms of Leadership and Dominance in Primate Societies					222
	How Archaeologists See Early Social Complexity					224
	Economics and Trade					235
	How Our Primate Relatives Make a Living					236
	Food Sharing and Cooperation among Our Earliest Relatives					239
	The Ancient Household as the Primary Economic Unit					243
	The Social and Economic Meaning of Exchange					245
	War and Diplomacy					253
	Conflict and Cooperation in Primate Societies					254
	Conflict and Aggression in Early Human Societies					256
	Conflict in Ancient Village Societies					262
	Thought and Religion					269
	The Evolution of Human Language					271
	The Origins and Evolution of Art					278
	The Nature of Ritual and Religion					296
	Religious and Ritual Practice until 15,000 BCE					300
	Ritual and Religious Beliefs, 15,000--4000 BCE					311
	Science and Technology					327
	Tools and Technologies of the Early and Middle Paleolithic, 2.5 Million--100,000 Years Ago					329
	The Tools and Technologies of Early Modern Humans, 100,000--10,000 Years Ago					343
	Tools and Technologies of Modern Humans, 10,000--4000 BCE					361
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 2	Early Civilizations, 4000--1000 BCE					1
	Environment and Population					17
	The Environmental Framework					25
	Climate Change and Natural Disasters					39
	Crops and Animal Products					48
	Food Production					69
	Pastoralism					82
	The Americas---Many Ecozones, Many Ecostrategies					92
	Urbanization and Demographic Trends					106
	Religion and the Environment					127
	Society and Culture					139
	The Family					140
	Social Classes					149
	Ethnic Identities					154
	Law					161
	Gender					169
	Education					181
	Early Writing					184
	Cuneiform Scripts					195
	Leisure					202
	Architecture and Urban Planning					213
	Art					250
	Fashion					267
	Death and Dying					274
	Migration and Travel					299
	Strangers in a Strange Land---Ancient Travelers					300
	Migration Mysteries					306
	Movement and Material Culture					318
	The Kingdom of Punt					324
	The Sea Peoples					330
	The Exodus					337
	The Issue of the Conquest and Settlement of Canaan					342
	Kassites					348
	The Movements of Cultures in Bronze Age Europe					355
	Avenues and Routes of Travel					362
	Modes of Transportation					368
	Thinking about Foreign Lands					376
	Maps					ix
	Politics and Statecraft					383
	City-States and Chiefdoms					385
	The Development of States					402
	Secondary States					407
	The Origins of Kingship					413
	The Dynasties of Egypt					420
	The Mesopotamian States					435
	Political Entities in Ancient China					452
	The Arts and Ideologies of Governance					460
	Economics and Trade					471
	From Hunting and Gathering to Farming---The Development of Social Complexity					473
	Mining and Resource Acquisition					500
	Ancient Workshops and the Organization of Production					507
	Taxation and Tribute					514
	The Myth of the Temple Economy					524
	Currencies, Trading Media, and the Problem of Money					528
	The Old Assyrian Trade Network					535
	Regional Exchange Networks					541
	War and Diplomacy					549
	Technologies of Warfare					550
	Experiences of War around the World					561
	Egypt and Its Enemies					573
	End of the Late Bronze Age					584
	Thought and Religion					589
	Creation Myths and Cosmology					591
	Ancient Deities					601
	Atenism					619
	Temple Architecture and Practices					623
	Diviners, Shamans, and Other Specialists of the Unseen World					639
	Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Literature					654
	Early Works of the Hebrew Bible					668
	Vedic Religion					675
	Science and Technology					685
	Metallurgical Production					688
	Subsistence Technologies					694
	Seals, Stamps, and Gems					703
	Archaeoastronomy					707
	Engineering and Construction					720
	Ancient Mathematics					726
	The Natural World, the Human Body, and Medicine					732
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 3	Classical Traditions					1
	Environment and Population					27
	Climate Change and Natural Disasters					29
	Changes in Food Production and Water Management					33
	Urbanization					45
	Religion and Environment					76
	Envisioning the Landscape					82
	Society and Culture					95
	The Family					97
	Social Classes					102
	Ethnic Identities					118
	Law					130
	Gender					136
	Education					152
	Food and Cuisine					157
	Leisure					164
	Domestic Architecture					185
	Art					191
	Death and Dying					205
	Migration and Travel					223
	Migration					225
	Nomadic and Seminomadic People					244
	Armies and Associated Travelers					248
	Pilgrims and Missionaries					255
	Changes in Trade Networks					265
	Modes of Transportation					286
	The Origins of the Pacific Peoples					292
	Politics and Statecraft					297
	Political Life in Ancient Egypt					299
	The Waning of Egypt and Mesopotamia and the Rise and Fall of Persia					301
	The Kingdoms of Syria-Palestine					312
	Greek Democracy					331
	Rome---from Monarchy to Republic to Emperor					343
	Politics in India					358
	The Rise and Fall of Chinese Dynasties					367
	Agriculture, Trade, and Social Stratification in Asia					379
	"Barbarian" Politics in Europe and Asia					382
	Political Life in the Americas					386
	Imperial Structures, Bureaucracies, and Administration					397
	Politics and Art					413
	Maps					ix
	Economics and Trade					429
	The Development of Industrial-Scale Agriculture					431
	The Exploitation of Natural Resources					440
	Industrial Developments and New Types of Manufacturing					447
	New Features for Promotion of Commerce and Trade					452
	Types of Labor Forces					462
	Art and Economy					467
	War and Diplomacy					473
	The Rise and Fall of Empires					476
	Captains and Common Soldiers					506
	Practicing Peace					517
	Changes in Warfare					522
	The Arts and War					539
	Thought and Religion					549
	Development of Philosophy in Greece					553
	Judaism and Zoroastrianism---Iron Age Traditions					563
	Christianity					570
	Nonmonotheistic Religious Traditions					578
	Religious Developments in India					589
	Philosophical and Religious Developments in East Asia					598
	New Religious Lifestyles					615
	Religious Literature					622
	Art Inspired by Religion					643
	Science and Technology					655
	Understanding the Physical World					659
	Treating the Abstract---Mathematics					666
	Understanding the Body					671
	Understanding Human Action					676
	Technological Developments					681
	Monumental Wonders of the Ancient World, 1000 BCE--300 CE					697
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 4	Expanding Regional Civilizations, 300--1000					1
	Environment and Population					19
	Environmental Events					26
	Environmental Constraints and Human Adaptation					35
	Demographic Change					45
	Society and Culture					53
	Early Medieval Families and Gender---A Global View					60
	Social Order of the Early Medieval World: Class, Caste, Slavery					78
	High Culture and Popular Culture					106
	Varieties of Material Culture					126
	Literature in the Age of Expanding Regional Civilizations					142
	Art and Architecture					159
	Migration and Travel					187
	Ethnic Migrations and Diasporas					192
	Trade Diasporas					221
	Pilgrimages					226
	Politics and Statecraft					235
	Sources of Political Power in the Early Medieval Age					239
	Sub-Saharan States					250
	Eurasian States in Late Antiquity					264
	Islamic Political History					283
	Political History of India					302
	Indian Influences in Southeast Asia					309
	The Radiance of the Tang Dynasty in Southeast Asia					316
	Early Medieval Inner Eurasian Empires					334
	European States and Empire, 650--1000					339
	Political Change in the Americas					353
	Andean Political History					365
	Maps					ix
	Economics and Trade					373
	Agriculture in Early Medieval Economies					379
	Early Medieval Industry					395
	Early Medieval Commerce					400
	Cities in Early Medieval Economies					425
	War and Diplomacy					433
	War and Diplomacy in Eurasia, 300--632					441
	Conflicts Relating to the Emergence of Islam					450
	Conflicts in China and East Asia					470
	South and Southeast Asian Wars					485
	Inner Eurasian Wars					493
	Early Medieval West European Wars, 650--1000					499
	Warfare in the Americas and Oceania					505
	Fighting Forces---A Global Overview					510
	Thought and Religion					521
	Non-Eurasian Religions					527
	Eastern Eurasian Religions					533
	Western Eurasian Non-Christian Religions of Late Antiquity					561
	Christianity					572
	Early Islam					593
	Early Medieval Monasticism					615
	Mysticism					622
	Science and Technology					633
	Agricultural Technology					640
	Early Medieval Industrial Technology					650
	Travel Technology					672
	Early Medieval Medicine, Science, and Alchemy					682
	Early Medieval Military Technology					701
	Mathematics and Astronomy in the Early Medieval Age					715
	Early Medieval History and Geography					728
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 5	Intensified Hemispheric Interactions, 1000--1500					1
	Environment and Population					13
	From the Great Warming to the Little Ice Age					17
	The Human Environmental Imprint---Cities around the World					33
	The Human Environmental Imprint---Natural Resources					58
	Population Trends					77
	Envisioning the Environment					99
	Society and Culture---The Longue Duree and Innovation					115
	Families, Hierarchies, and Class Relationships---Cultures of Lordship					117
	Medieval Identities---Confronting the Other					140
	Gender Relations around the World---Does One Model Serve All?					158
	Centers of Religious and Secular Learning---Were the Great Academies Outside of Europe Universities?					185
	Art and Architecture---The Monumental Balanced by the Human-Sized					208
	Literature and the Performing Arts---A Flourishing of Bards around the World					232
	A World on the Move---The Growing Interconnectedness of Peoples					255
	The Road to Sanctification---Pilgrimage Routes					258
	Peoples on the Move---The Passage of Willing and Unwilling Migrants					270
	The Vicissitudes of Avenues for Exchange---Caravan Routes and Sea Lanes					289
	Politics and Statecraft-Internal and External State Expansion					335
	Sub-Saharan Africa					339
	Islam---Ideally a Single Community, in Reality Diversity					349
	India---The Heart of the Indian Ocean Community					383
	China and Chinese-Influenced East Asia					399
	The Mongol Empire---A Trans-Eurasian Ecumene					427
	Christendom---The Ideal of a Single Community; The Reality of Diversity					440
	Pre-Columbian Complex Societies---The Case of Amazonia					465
	Maps					ix
	Economics and Economic Activity					485
	Sub-Saharan Africa---Not as Isolated as Many Suggest					488
	The Mediterranean and the Black Sea---The West's Portals to the Riches of the Indies					494
	The Indian Ocean---Market Place of Afro-Eurasia					514
	China, Economic Powerhouse of Afro-Eurasia					527
	Europe's Economic Revolution					542
	Overcoming the Challenges of Geography					552
	War and Diplomacy					575
	The Ideology of War and Peace					578
	The Many Ways to Conduct War					594
	Diplomacy around the World					621
	An Era of Large-Scale Conflicts					634
	The Age of Great Captains and Their Warriors					664
	The Tools of Warfare					685
	Thought and Religion					705
	The Search for the Divine Other					707
	Aristotelianism---Acceptance, Rejection, Accommodation					758
	The Place of the Human in the Cosmos					770
	Science and Technology					783
	The Advances and Limits of Medieval Science					785
	Expanding Knowledge of the World					820
	Diffusion vis-a-vis Independent Invention					829
	Technologies of the Ocean and the Sea					841
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 6	The First Global Age, 1450--1770					1
	Environment and Population					27
	The Little Ice Age and Climate Change					33
	Natural Disasters and Population					42
	Human Environmental Impact					53
	The Columbian Exchange and Human Adaptation					65
	Demographic Changes					87
	Envisioning the Environment					110
	Society and Culture					123
	Village and Town Life---Traditions and Innovations					129
	City Life around the World					148
	Hierarchies and Colonial Relationships					173
	Gender and Social Hierarchies					194
	Society and Culture in the Age of Accelerating Contact					221
	Global Cultural Exchange					246
	Maps					ix
	Migration and Travel					269
	First Encounters					275
	New Channels for Cultural Contact and Exchange					306
	Agents of Contact					333
	Traditions and Adaptation in Slavery					336
	Politics and Statecraft					357
	Control, Coercion, and Crime in State and Empire					363
	Early Modern Political Systems					394
	Innovations in Political Thought					427
	Politics and Religion					442
	Politics and Gender					469
	Patterns of Conquest and Rebellion					479
	Economics and Trade					517
	Innovations in Domestic Economy and Trade					530
	Fashioning Global Organizations					549
	Sea Lanes and Marketplaces---Early Global Trade Centers and Networks					566
	Trade Goods for a World Market					592
	Maps					ix
	War and Diplomacy					601
	Ideologies of Domination					613
	Diplomacy and Diplomats					629
	A Military Revolution or Evolution?					660
	Wars of Empire					671
	Wars of Colonial Expansion					700
	Europe's Wars of Religion					725
	Alliances of Convenience					740
	Thought and Religion					751
	Invention and Innovation in Ways of Thinking					755
	Envisioning Each Other					784
	Global Religious Movements---New Wine in Old Bottles					806
	New Sites of Intellectual Inquiry					847
	Cycles of Tolerance and Persecution					865
	Ecclesia and Doctrine					891
	Science and Technology					911
	Renaissance to the Scientific Revolution					914
	Expanding Knowledge of the World---Knowledge Transfers					931
	New Technologies of Learning					945
	"Guns and Steel"---Military Technology and Conquest					955
	Innovations in Medicine					968
	Science and Gender					981
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 7	The Age of Revolutions, 1750--1914					1
	Environment and Population					19
	Weather and Climate					25
	Environmental Consequences of Human Activities					33
	Disease Epidemics and Human Response					55
	World Population Patterns					80
	Thinking about Nature					112
	Society and Culture					127
	Families					133
	Social Change					147
	The End of Slavery and Serfdom					169
	Gender and Sexuality					181
	Education and Literacy					219
	Food and Drink					247
	Leisure in the Industrial Era					267
	Cross-Cultural Encounters					297
	The Birth of Modernism in Europe, 1880--1914					312
	Maps					ix
	Migration and Travel					323
	Involuntary Migration					328
	Voluntary Migration					349
	Exploration					376
	Travel and Tourism					390
	Politics and Statecraft					401
	Government and Politics, 1750--1800					405
	Revolts and Revolutions, 1770--1820					415
	African Politics before the Scramble					439
	Political Developments in Europe, 1815--1914					444
	Political Developments in the Americas to 1914					482
	The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia in the Nineteenth Century					503
	East Asia					521
	The Formation of New Empires					541
	Colonial Rule in Africa to 1914					559
	South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania in the Nineteenth Century					572
	Economics and Trade					601
	Agriculture					607
	The Energy Revolution					621
	The Industrial Revolution in the West					632
	Industrialization in Africa, Asia, and Latin America					652
	International Trade					665
	Money and Banking					683
	Labor in Industrial Societies					695
	Systems of Forced Labor---Slavery and Indentured Servitude					714
	Consumerism					731
	Maps					ix
	War and Diplomacy					745
	Planning and Organizing for War in Western Societies					749
	War and Warfare in Europe					769
	War and Warfare in Africa					783
	War and Warfare in South, Central and Southwest Asia					803
	War and Warfare in East and Southeast Asia					817
	War and Warfare in the Americas					834
	International Cooperation, Pacifism, and Peace Movements					853
	Thought and Religion					867
	Islam					873
	Native Religions in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania					886
	Judaism in the Age of Emancipation					894
	Christianity					909
	Christian Missionary Endeavors in Africa and Asia					930
	Thought and Religion in South and East Asia					940
	Trends in European Thought					959
	Science and Technology					977
	Technology and Industry					983
	Technologies to Communicate and Record					998
	Technology and Transportation					1010
	Technology and Weapons					1033
	Science and Scientific Activity, 1750--1820					1050
	Europe's "Second Scientific Revolution,"					1058
	Scientific and Technological Education					1068
	Medicine					1074
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 8	Crisis and Achievement, 1900--1945					1
	Environment and Population					19
	Environmental Events					24
	Industrialization and Natural Resources					32
	Societal Responses to Environmental Pressures					38
	Warfare, Population, and Environment					48
	Society and Culture					57
	Class and Gender					61
	Cultural Shapers					85
	Colonialism in Shaping Society and Culture					100
	Imperialism					117
	Nationalism in Shaping Society and Culture					130
	Workforce and Workplace					149
	Social Upheavals and Social Change					163
	Literature					168
	Visual Arts					184
	Performing Arts					210
	Migration and Travel					231
	Urbanization					234
	International Migrations					240
	Domestic Migrations					257
	Ethnic and Forced Migrations					265
	Travel and Technology					273
	Politics and Statecraft					289
	Imperialism					293
	Socialism					305
	Fascism					319
	Revolution and Rebellion					338
	Collapse of Empires					356
	The Mandate System					369
	Political Transformation in Africa, Asia, and Oceania					377
	Political Transformation in Europe and the Americas					395
	National Policy					412
	Official and Nationalistic Art					422
	Maps					ix
	Economics and Trade					429
	A Global Economy					433
	The Great Depression					441
	Half Century of Global Economic Change					454
	Socialism					467
	War and Diplomacy					475
	Revolutions					480
	International Conflict					488
	The First World War					497
	The Second World War					520
	Nationalist Movements and Conflict					550
	Sports and Statecraft in the Early Twentieth Century					566
	Ethnic Conflict and Genocide					574
	Peace and Stability					583
	Atrocities of Modern Warfare					595
	Thought and Religion					607
	Nationalism as an Intellectual Current					612
	Socialism					621
	Traditionalism versus Modernism					630
	Religion					640
	Political and Sociopolitical Ideologies and Systems					659
	Social and Behavioral Sciences					675
	Science and Technology					691
	Manufacturing, Industrialization, and Urbanization					696
	Biomedical Advances					704
	Age of Invention					723
	Warfare and Technology					733
	Communication					756
	Agricultural and Animal Sciences					766
	Scientific Theories					772
	Maps					ix
	Contributors					xi
Era 9	Promises and Paradoxes, 1945--Present					1
	Environment and Population					21
	Environmental Challenges					25
	Environmentalism in Thought and Practice					45
	Feeding the World---Agriculture, Livestock, and Fishing					68
	Resource Industries					80
	Land Use and Population					88
	Society and Culture					105
	Social Class Dynamics since 1945					108
	Gender and Sexuality					122
	Families and Family Planning					137
	Cold War Culture					148
	Consumerism					157
	Music and Social Change					171
	The Growth of Sports around the World, 1945--Present					183
	Film and Television since 1945					194
	Visual Arts and Architecture					207
	Literature and Theater					219
	Food					234
	Migration and Travel					243
	Transportation and Trade					245
	Global Tourism					254
	Global Migrations, Transnational Diasporas, and Responses					264
	Politics and Statecraft					299
	International Institutions and Laws					302
	Decolonization					322
	Neocolonialism					332
	Creation of New States					343
	Human Rights Mobilization					357
	Indigenous Groups and Sovereignty					379
	The United States in the World					393
	Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics					403
	China in the World, 1945--Present					417
	Maps					ix
	Economics and Trade					427
	Globalization					430
	Economic Policy since 1945					447
	Trade					457
	Labor					468
	Oil Economics					480
	Shadow Economies					488
	War and Diplomacy					499
	Cold War Conflicts					501
	Regional Conflicts					526
	Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide					549
	Terrorism					560
	Militarization and Peace Movements					575
	Thought and Religion					595
	Major World Religions					598
	Modern Religious Trends					611
	New Religions and Archaic Revivals					635
	Age of Ideology					645
	Theology and Thought					662
	Science and Technology					687
	Scientific Developments					690
	Cold War, Science, and Space					701
	Medicine and Health Care					726
	Technology, Post-1945					746
	Science, Technology, and Culture					759
	World History Encyclopedia Staff					vii
	What Is World History?					ix
	Preface: This World History Encyclopedia					xiii
	Index					1
	List of Maps					141
	Maps					153
	Contributors					323