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Table of Contents
SECTION I	Introduction to Educational Technology					1
Chapter 1	Introduction to Learning and Technology					3
	Welcome					4
	Vision of the Text: Where Are We Going?					4
	Learning					5
	What Exactly Is Learning?					5
	How Does Learning Typically Occur?					5
	Why Is the Study of Learning Important?					6
	How Can the Learning Experience Be Enhanced?					7
	Toolbox: Tools, Tips, and Techniques					8
	Technology					8
	What Exactly Is Educational Technology?					8
	How Is Educational Technology Utilized?					9
	What Is the Meaningful Integration of Technology?					10
	Toolbox: The Technology Standards					11
	Plan, Implement, Evaluate (PIE): A Reliable Model to Impact Learning					11
	The Role of the Teacher					13
	The Teacher as an Instructional Expert					13
	The Role of Instruction					14
	Instructional Design (How is the instruction planned?)					14
	Educational Media (How will the instruction be experienced?)					15
	Educational Computing (What tools will be needed in order to successfully design and deliver the instruction?)					17
	Foundations of Educational Technology: A Brief History					17
	Instructional Design Roots					19
	Educational Media Roots					19
	Educational Computing Roots					20
	Toolbox: Discovering the Roots of Educational Technology					21
	Educational Technology Today					21
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					22
	Summary					22
	Suggested Resources					22
Chapter 2	Theory into Application					24
	Introduction					25
	The Value of Theory					25
	Learning Theory					26
	Behavioral Perspective					26
	Information Processing Perspective					30
	Constructivist Perspective					32
	A Shift in the Roles of Teachers and Students					37
	Selecting Theoretical Principles					38
	Technology Coordinatr's Corner					39
	Summary					40
	Suggested Resources					40
Chapter 3	Computers and Computer Tools for Teaching and Learning					41
	Introduction					42
	Understanding Computer Systems					42
	Hardware					43
	Software					45
	Computer Operation					45
	Computer System Evaluation and Acquisition					46
	Toolbox: Pricing School Computers					47
	Troubleshooting Computer Problems					48
	Computer as Teacher and Assistant					49
	Toolbox: Healthy and Safe Use of Computers					50
	Computer Productivity Tools					51
	Word Processors					52
	Graphics Tools					52
	Spreadsheets					54
	Databases					55
	Presentation Software					55
	Multimedia/Hypermedia Authoring Software					57
	Telecommunications Tools					58
	Other Tools					59
	Toolbox: Assistive Technology					60
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					62
	Summary					62
	Suggested Resources					63
SECTION II	Planning the Technology-Enhanced Learning Experience					65
Chapter 4	Technology and Instructional Situations: Understanding Learners, Learning Objectives, and Learning Environments					67
	Introduction					68
	Overview of Instructional Planning					68
	Learners					69
	Gender					69
	Socioeconomic Status					72
	Culture and Ethnicity					72
	Existing Knowledge of the Content					73
	Motivation					73
	Learning Style					74
	Special Needs/Exceptionalities					75
	Technology Literacy					75
	Diversity as an Asset					75
	Objectives					78
	Sources of Objectives					78
	Specifying Lesson Objectives					79
	Composing Objectives					81
	Benefits of Objectives					81
	Learning Environment					82
	Bringing it all together: Starting the initial drafts of the instructional learning experience					82
	Toolbox: Using Planning Cards					83
	Kevin Spencer's Lesson Plan					83
	Students					84
	Objectives					84
	Learning Environment					84
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					84
	Summary					85
	Suggested Resources					85
Chapter 5	Technology and Instructional Planning: Identifying the Plan's Key Activities					86
	Introduction					87
	Developing Instructional Activities					87
	Motivation Activities					87
	Orientation Activities					88
	Information Activities					88
	Application Activities					89
	Evaluation Activities					89
	Toolbox: Using Questioning, Examples, and Feedback Effectively					90
	Instructional Plans as Heuristic Guides					91
	Toolbox: Case Studies					91
	Toolbox: Role-Playing					92
	Toolbox: Using Analogies					92
	Making Plans Congruent					95
	Practical Benefits of Plans					95
	Before Instruction					95
	During Instruction					96
	After Instruction					98
	Kevin Spencer's Lesson Plan					98
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					99
	Summary					99
	Suggested Resources					99
Chapter 6	Instructional Methods: Identifying Ways to Involve Learners					101
	Introduction					102
	What are Instructional Methods and How Can We Use Them?					102
	Presentation					103
	Demonstration					104
	Toolbox: Classroom Response Technologies					105
	Discussion					105
	Games					106
	Toolbox: Presentations, Demonstrations, and Discussions					106
	Simulation					107
	Cooperative Learning					108
	Toolbox: Simulations					108
	Discovery					109
	Problem Solving					110
	Drill and Practice					111
	Tutorial					112
	Kevin Spencer's Lesson Plan					112
	Which Method(s) to Use?					114
	Kevin Spencer's Lesson Plan					114
	Summary					114
	Toolbox: Selecting Appropriate Instructional Methods					116
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					116
	Suggested Resources					117
Chapter 7	Instructional Media: Involving Multiple Senses of Learners					119
	Introduction					120
	Instructional Media					120
	Text					121
	Principles for Using Text					121
	Visuals					121
	Using Visuals in Instructional Materials					121
	Printed Visuals					122
	Principles for Using Printed Visuals					122
	Projected Visuals					122
	Audio					125
	Video					126
	Real Objects and Models					126
	Toolbox: Microsoft's PowerPoint and Producer					127
	Multimedia					128
	Toolbox: Media Identification					130
	Which Medium?					130
	Kevin Spencer's Lesson Plan					133
	Toolbox: Media Selection					134
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					136
	Summary					136
	Suggested Resources					136
Chapter 8	Technology and Instructional Material Selection, Adaptation, and Creation					138
	Introduction					139
	Instructional Materials					140
	Instructional Materials, Methods, and Media: How They Work Together to Ensure Learning					140
	When and Where Are Instructional Materials Included within the Learning Plan?					141
	Determining the Value of Instructional Materials					141
	Where Do We Acquire Instructional Materials?					142
	Selecting Existing Instructional Materials					142
	Toolbox: Locating Relevant Instructional Materials					143
	Toolbox: Software Evaluation and Acquisition					145
	Modifying Available Instructional Materials					146
	Creating New Instructional Materials					146
	Formative Evaluation of Instructional Materials					148
	Locating, Adapting, Creating, and Evaluating Instructional Materials: How Can Technology Help?					149
	Developing Instructional Materials: Use of the PIE Checklist					151
	Copyright Issues					151
	Kevin Spencer's Lesson Plan					154
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					155
	Summary					155
	Suggested Resources					155
SECTION III	Meaningful Integration of Technology					157
Chapter 9	Integration of Computers to Support Learning					159
	Introduction					160
	Technology Integration Process: Preparing to Integrate the Computer into the Learning Experience					160
	Student Learning with Computers					161
	Computer as Teacher					161
	Scenario: States and Capitals					162
	Categories of Computer-Assisted Instruction					163
	Toolbox: Serious Games					166
	Integrated Learning Systems					167
	Problems and Pitfalls					168
	Computer as Assistant: Using Productivity Tools					168
	Scenario: Stock Market Game					168
	Toolbox: One-Computer Classroom					169
	Common Computer Productivity Tools					170
	Toolbox: Presentation Hardware					173
	Problems and Pitfalls					174
	Computer as Assistant: Multimedia Authoring					174
	Scenario: Multimedia Projects					174
	Toolbox: Using Computer Laboratories					175
	Multimedia and Hypermedia Authoring					176
	Problems and Pitfalls					179
	Summary					179
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					180
	Suggested Resources					180
Chapter 10	Integration of the Internet to Support Learning					182
	Introduction					183
	Technology Integration Process: Preparing to Integrate the Internet in the Learning Experience					183
	What Is the Internet and How Can It Be Used					184
	Internet Applications for Communication					186
	E-mail and Mailing Lists					186
	Instant Messaging and Chat					187
	Social Networking					188
	Toolbox: Netiquette					188
	Others					190
	Classroom Applications					190
	Internet Applications for Information Retrieval					191
	Scavenger Hunts					193
	Toolbox: Using Search Engines					194
	WebQuests					194
	Classroom Applications					196
	Internet Applications for Information Publishing					196
	Toolbox: HTML, the Language of the Web					197
	Web Authoring					198
	Blogs					199
	Wikis					201
	Classroom Applications					202
	The Internet as Application Platform					202
	Classroom Applications					203
	Problems and Pitfalls					203
	Issues Involved in the Use of the Internet in the Classroom					204
	Copyright and Fair Use of Materials on the Web					204
	Security and Information Privacy					204
	Evaluating the Quality of Websites					204
	Toolbox: Acceptable Use Policies					205
	Toolbox: Evaluating the Quality of Websites					206
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					207
	Summary					207
	Suggested Resources					208
Chapter 11	Integration of Distance Education to Support Learning					209
	Introduction					210
	Technology Integration Process: Preparing to Integrate Distance Education in the Learning Experience					210
	What Is Distance Education?					211
	Distance Education Technologies					212
	Audio-Based Technologies					212
	Video-Based Technologies					212
	Toolbox: Defining Distance Education					213
	Computer-Based Technologies					214
	Planning for Distance Education					218
	Understanding the Distance Education Learner					218
	Preparing for Distance Education					218
	Toolbox: Course Management Systems					219
	Implementing Distance Education					221
	Strategies for Teaching at a Distance					222
	Assessing Student Performance in Distance Education					223
	Toolbox: Managing Asynchronous Discussions Online					223
	Utilization Guidelines for Distance Education					224
	Issues Related to Distance Education					225
	Copyright					225
	Support					226
	Policy Issues					227
	Toolbox: Copyright and Distance Education					226
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					227
	Summary					228
	Suggested Resources					228
SECTION IV	Ensuring Successful Technology-Enhanced Learning Experiences					231
Chapter 12	Evaluation of Instructional Materials and the Assessment of Student Learning					233
	Introduction					234
	What Is Evaluation?					234
	Why Evaluate?					235
	Evaluating the Instruction					235
	Assessing Student Learning					236
	How to Evaluate					238
	Techniques to Evaluate Instruction					238
	Summary of Techniques to Evaluate Instruction					241
	Techniques to Assess Student Learning					241
	Toolbox: Automated Testing					246
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					251
	Summary					252
	Suggested Resources					252
SECTION V	Technology and Learning Today and Tomorrow					255
Chapter 13	Integrating Technology---Issues, Trends, and Horizons					257
	Introduction					258
	Where Are We Today in Terms of Technology Integration?					259
	Toolbox: Technology-Using Schools of Today					260
	What Are Today's Relevant Technology Trends?					260
	What Barriers to Integration of Technology Have Been Encountered?					261
	What Are the Costs Involved?					261
	How Can We Address and Overcome the Barriers to Integration?					263
	What Additional Issues May the Integration of Technology Create?					264
	Equity and Other Issues of Access					264
	Legal, Ethical, and Security Issues					265
	Toolbox: Computer Viruses					266
	Questioning the Benefits of Technology Integration					267
	Toolbox: Electronic Plagiarism Detection Tools					268
	Why Invest the Time, Energy, and Cost into the Integration of Technology?					269
	Technology as a Means to Address Difficulties in Teaching and Learning					269
	Technology as a Change Agent					270
	Technology as a Means to Maintain Economic Competitiveness					270
	What Horizon Technologies May Potentially Facilitate Student Learning?					270
	Artificial Intelligence (AI)					270
	Speech and Handwriting Recognition					271
	Mobile Technologies					271
	Cloud Computing					272
	Virtual Reality					272
	Ubiquitous Computing					273
	Schooling and Education in the Future					273
	Toolbox: Exploring Horizon Technologies					274
	Technology Coordinator's Corner					275
	Summary					276
	Suggested Resources					276
Teacher Resource A	The ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS-T) and Performance Indicators for Teachers					279
Teacher Resource B	Kevin Spencer's Sample Lesson Plan (Civil War Unit)					289
Teacher Resource C	PIE Checklist					295
Teacher Resource D	Preview Forms for the Review of Instructional Materials					299
	Glossary					307
	References					317
	Name Index					325
	Subject Index					329